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This is a list of emerging technologies, which are in-development technical innovations that have significant potential in their applications. The criteria for this list is that the technology must:

  1. Exist in some way; purely hypothetical technologies cannot be considered emerging and should be covered in the list of hypothetical technologies instead. However, technologies being actively researched and prototyped are acceptable.
  2. Have a Wikipedia article or adjacent citation covering them.
  3. Not be widely used yet. Mainstream or extensively commercialized technologies can no longer be considered emerging.

Listing here is not a prediction that the technology will become widely adopted, only a recognition of significant potential to become widely adopted or highly useful if ongoing work continues, is successful, and the work is not overtaken by other technologies.

Agriculture
Agricultural roboticsA review of automation and robotics for the bio-industry. Journal of Biomechatronics Engineering Vol. 1, No. 1, (2008) 37–54Research and development, trial projects of Agricultural drone
Closed ecological systemsResearch and development, NASA – Investigation of a Closed Ecological System. nasa.govBen Armentrout, and Heidi Kappes. Studies in Closed Ecological Systems: Biosphere in a BottleFrieda B. Taub Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 5, (1974), pp. 139–160 working demonstrators (e.g. Biosphere 2)Agriculture, scientific research, space colonization, , , Seawater greenhouse
Research and development, trialsHumane, resource-efficient, healthier, and cheaper meat
Atmospheric water generatorWorking prototype in semi-arid land
Research, development, experiments, and diffusionSpace-efficient farming and space travel applications

Construction
Research, development, commercializationAdaptive structures that respond to different conditions, or supermassive buildings and infrastructure (e.g. )
Research, development, commercialization
Planned feature for Mall of the WorldWeather-controlled city, colonization of other celestial bodies
Demonstration

Economy
Diffusion, ,
Diffusion, Google pay,
CBDCDiffusion, ,

Electronics, IT, and communications
6G cellular communicationsConceptual
Artificial general intelligenceHypothetical, experimentsCreating intelligent devices and ; AI can counsel (or even take charge) in scientific projects, government, army, corporate governance, film and books creation, inventions etc.Progress in artificial intelligence, technological singularity, applications of artificial intelligence
Diffusion, commercialization

Diffusion, commercialization, , identity (social science), Web3.0, ,
Carbon nanotube field-effect transistorResearch and developmentFuture miniaturization of transistors
Cashierless storeLimited commercialization
Research and development, projects, more responsive government, , , intelligent environment
Digital scent technologyDiffusion ,
DNA digital data storageExperimentsMass data storage
Research, limited commercializationDetecting , , and cancer
Emerging memory technologies (, , , , , , phase-change memory, , , , programmable metallization cell, ferroelectric RAM, magnetoresistive RAM, )In development
Emerging magnetic data storage technologies (SMR, HAMR, , , , CPP/GMR, PMR, hard disk drive)In development (HAMR, ); diffusion (SMR)Greatly improved storage density compared to current HDDs, can be combined
Research, diffusionWearable technology
Exascale computingProjects
Diffusion of primitive amplifications; working prototypes of more; Hypothetical, experiments on more substantial amplification
Flexible electronicsResearch, development, prototypes, limited commercialization (e.g. Samsung Galaxy Fold)Flexible and/or foldable electronic devices, and flexible which are lightweight, can be rolled up for launch, and are easily deployableNokia Morph, Flexible organic light-emitting diode
Fourth-generation optical discs (3D optical data storage, Holographic data storage)Research, prototypingStoring and archiving data previously erased for economic reasons,
Demos, requires standardization Laser communication in space
Research, prototyping, commercialization, controlling processes (e.g., in , automated guided vehicle), detecting events (e.g., in visual ), interaction (e.g., in human–computer interaction), robot vision, pattern recognition, digital image processing
ResearchData storage
Working prototypeSmaller, faster, more energy-efficient storage, analogue electronics, programmable logic, signal processing, , , reconfigurable computing, brain–computer interfaces, , and pattern recognition
(2025). 9789400744905, Springer.
Experiments, Augmented reality
Molecular electronicsResearch and development
Deployed at various airports and federal security checkpointsUnimodal facial recognition scanners
Nanoelectromechanical systemsResearch and development
Research and development, diffusion
Neuromorphic engineeringResearch and development
Optical computingHypothetical, experiments; some components of integrated circuits have been developedSmaller, faster, lower power consuming computing
Experiments, commercialization, early diffusionMuch faster computing for some kinds of problems, chemical modeling, new materials with programmed properties, Hypothetical of high-temperature superconductivity and
Quantum cryptographyCommercializationSecure communications
Prototypes
Radio-frequency identificationDiffusion of high cost – RFID-based (keeping track of all incoming and outgoing products), food packaging, smart shelves, smart carts. See: potential uses
Software-defined radioDevelopment, commercialization, Mesh networks, Software defined antenna, List of software-defined radios, Universal Software Radio Peripheral
Solid-state transformerDevelopment, prototypes
Speech recognitionResearch, development, commercialization
Working prototypesData storage, computing devices
Subvocal recognitionResearch, development, commercialization
Thermal copper pillar bumpWorking prototypes in discrete devicesElectric circuit cooling, micro-fluidic , thermoelectric power generationUltra high definition holographic disc, Metal–insulator transition
Three-dimensional integrated circuitDevelopment, commercializationMemory and data processing
Development

Entertainment
4D FilmCommercialization
CommercializationHandheld game consoles, , Real-time ray-tracing,
Immersive virtual realityHypothetical, limited commercializationAn artificial environment where the user feels just as immersed as they usually feel in conscious reality., 3rd Space Vest, , immersive technology, simulated reality, (fictional)
Research and development, photos, , , , , Sora

Optoelectronics
Laser video displayLimited commercialization (e.g. Mitsubishi LaserVue TV in 2008)Displays with a very wide colour , Comparison of display technology
(holographic display, computer-generated holography)Diffusion
Optical transistorSome prototypes
(Virtual retinal display, Bionic contact lens, Augmented reality, )ExperimentsVirtual tools and entertainment in a real-world environment, aids for the visually impairedHead-mounted display, , Adaptive optics, , , Microsoft HoloLens,
Volumetric (3D) displayResearch, working prototypes, commercialization, computer interfaces, , 3-dimensional imagery, , volumetric display, Holographic display, Light Field display, Nintendo 3DS, Swept-volume display

Energy
Airborne wind turbineResearch generation at higher altitudes, increasing efficiency
Americium batteryEstimated working prototype in 5–10 years from 2019
Artificial photosynthesisResearch, experiments, growing interest in a macroscience global projectPhotosynthesis-like energy and oxygen production from artificial structures, ,
Concentrated solar powerGrowing markets in California, Spain, Northern AfricaElectricity generation, BrightSource Energy,
Double-layer capacitorDiffusion, continued developmentFaster-charging, longer-lasting, more flexible, greener energy storage (e.g. for regenerative braking)
Energy harvestingExperimentsConstant energy source for mobile, wearable and ubiquitous devices
Flywheel energy storageLimited commercializationEnergy storage
Research, experimentsElectricity and heat generation, fusion torch recycling with waste heat, NIF, Wendelstein 7-X, Magnetic confinement fusion, Dense plasma focus, Muon-catalyzed fusion
Generation IV nuclear reactorResearch, experimentsElectricity and heat generation, transmutation of nuclear waste stockpiles from traditional reactors
Small-scale examplesEnergy storage
Home fuel cellResearch, commercialization, producing electricity in using an environmentally friendly fuel as a backup during long term power failures.Autonomous building, Bloom Energy Server
Lithium–air batteryResearch, experimentsKraytsberg A, Ein-Eli Y (2011). "Review on Li-air batteries – Opportunities, limitations and perspective". Journal of Power Sources,196:p.886-893.Laptops, mobile phones, long-range ; storing energy for
Lithium iron phosphate batteryCommercializationEnergy storage
Lithium–sulfur batteryResearch and developmentEnergy storage
Magnesium batteryEarly commercializationEnergy storage
Molten salt reactorResearch, experimentsElectricity and heat generation
Experiments, prototypesLaptops, mobile phones, long-range ; storing energy for
ResearchElectricity generation
Ocean thermal energy conversionPrototypeElectricity generation
Solid-state batteryNiche usesReliable, power-dense energy storage (particularly for electric cars and wearable technology)
Research, diffusionAdvanced power management,
Space-based solar powerEarly researchElectricity generation
Thorium nuclear fuel cycleResearch started in the 1960s, still ongoingElectricity and heat generation
Power generation
Wireless energy transferPrototypes, diffusion, short range consumer productsWirelessly powered equipment: laptop, cell phones, electric cars, etc., resonant inductive coupling
Zero-energy buildingExpansionEnergy-efficient homes

Materials and textiles
4D printingResearch and development
Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early usesImproved thermal insulation (for pipelines, aerospace, etc.), as well as insulative "glass" if it can be made clear
Experiments, use in amorphous metal transformersArmor, implants
Limited commercialization (e.g. in 3D printing)Disposable packaging and single-use items
Conductive polymersResearch, experiments, prototypesLighter and cheaper , antistatic materials, organic solar cells
Cryogenic treatmentResearch, experiments, prototypesSignificantly stronger metal components
DiffusionBiodegradable alternatives to plastic
PrototypesBetter protection for and armoured fighting vehicles from weapons
Experiments, diffusionProgrammable matter
Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early usesHigher-specific strength structural components, higher-frequency , lower-cost , automotive storage, , more efficient
Limited commercializationMore efficient laboratory analysis
High-temperature superconductivityCryogenic receiver front-end (CRFE) RF and microwave filter systems for mobile phone base stations; prototypes in ; experiments for lower temperaturesNo-loss conductors, frictionless bearings, magnetic levitation, lossless high-capacity accumulators, , heat-free integrated circuits
Magnetic nanoparticlesDevelopment treatment, treatment
Magnetorheological fluidResearch and development, limited magnetorheological damping applicationsSeismic damping for earthquake resistanceElectrorheological fluid
Research and development
Superfluid gyroscopes exist but work at very low temperaturesHigh-precision measure of gravity, navigation and maneuver devices, possible devices to emit , frictionless mechanical devices
Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, , metamaterial cloaking,
Research, limited commercialization, floating cities
Multi-function structures NAE Website: Frontiers of Engineering . Nae.edu. Retrieved 22 February 2011.Hypothetical, experiments, some prototypes, few commercialWide range of applications (e.g. self-health monitoring, self-healing materials)
: Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early usesHigher-specific strength structural componentsPotential applications of carbon nanotubes, Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers
Research, experiments, prototypes, commercializationQuantum dot lasers, quantum dot displays, faster data communication, laser
Self-healing materialsResearch, experimentsInfrastructure, robotics, biotech
Early research electronics
Research, diffusionSignificantly stronger metal components (particularly in aircraft jet engines)
Synthetic diamondResearch, commercializationElectronics
Research experimentsQuantum computers with stable
Translucent concreteCommercializationConstruction of buildings and sculptures (e.g. )

Medicine
Artificial uterusResearch, experimentsSpace travel, extracorporeal pregnancy, , same-sex procreation
Body implant, Trials, from animal (e.g., ) to human clinical (e.g., insulin pump implant), to commercial production (e.g. pacemaker, joint replacement, ), , prosthetics in fiction,
Hypothetical, research, commercialization (e.g. Alcor, Cryonics Institute)
Research, development, trials, pets, zoosRevival of the woolly mammoth
Electronic medical recordsDeploymentReplacing paper medical records
Human and Implementation in 2021 to combat the COVID-19 pandemicDisease vaccinations, cancer therapy
Successful first trials
Genetic engineering of organisms and virusesResearch, development, commercializationCreating and modifying (mainly improving their physical and mental capabilities), bio-machines, eliminating genetic disorders (), new materials production, healthier and cheaper food, creating drugs and vaccines, research in natural sciences, , detecting arsenic, CO2 reducing superplant,, Genetically modified food, , human enhancement, , , , genetic pollution
or suspended animationResearch, development, animal trialsOrgan transplantation, , prolonged surgery, emergency care
, strategies for engineered negligible senescenceResearch, experiments, animal testingIncreased life spans, biological immortality
Research, experiments, limited use
Research and development
Research and development; some prototypes
Human trials (Talimogene laherparepvec, , JX-594), commercialisation (H101)Cancer therapy, imaging
Personalized medicine, full genome sequencingResearch, experimentsPersonalized medical procedures, genome sequencing during drug trialsPersonal genomics
First trial uses
Clinical trials
Regenerative medicineSome laboratory trials
Research, diffusion
Under investigation
Stem cell treatmentsResearch, experiments, phase I human trial spinal cord injury treatment (GERON), cultured cornea transplantsTreatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries, stem cell treatments
Synthetic biology, synthetic genomicsResearch, development, first synthetic bacteria created May 2010Infinitely scalable production processes based on programmable of bacteria and other life forms, iGEM, synthetic genomics
Tissue engineeringResearch, diffusion, tooth regeneration
Research and developmentDiagnosing medical conditionsMedical tricorder
Research, human trialsGene therapy, cancer therapy,
or Research, some experimentsOrgan transplantation,

Neuroscience
ResearchTreatment of neurological disease, artificial intelligenceBlue Brain Project, Human Brain Project
Brain–computer interfaceResearch and commercializationFaster and , as well as more "real" (generation of feelings and information in brain on-demand) and the control of emotions in the mentally illExperience machine, , Stent-electrode recording array
, Research
ElectroencephalographyResearch, diffusionControlling electronic devices via brain waves
Success in , including 2-headed resultTreatment of debilitating diseases or severe , hand transplantation, organ transplantation
Hypothetical, researchTreatment of post-traumatic stress disorder
Research, animal trialsVisual prosthesis, , , ,
ExperimentationArtificial Intelligence, better understanding of neurons

Military
Caseless ammunitionField tests and limited commercializationLighter and cheaper ; the lack of a case may also simplify the design of firearmsLightweight Small Arms Technologies
Successful experiments cloaking small objects under some conditionsStealthMetamaterial cloaking
Directed-energy weaponResearch, development, some prototypes Laser Weapon System,
Research and development
Electrothermal-chemical technologyResearch and developmentTank, artillery, and close-in weapon systems
Force fieldHypothetical, experimentsMilitary and law enforcement, space travel
DevelopmentEnvironment-friendly ammunition
Hypersonic cruise missileDevelopment Avangard, Kinzhal, Zircon, , Prompt Global Strike, DARPA Falcon Project, , Boeing X-51 Waverider
Research and development, trialsTracking and destruction of rockets, bombs, drones etc.Advanced Tactical Laser, High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System
Research and developmentA formed penetrator using molten metal in place of self-forging explosivesExplosively pumped flux compression generator
Precision-guided firearmResearch and developmentIncreased accuracy by , , ,
Research and developmentCheaper and safer
Stealth technologyResearch, development, commercializationElectronic countermeasures, , Radar-absorbent material
Telescoped ammunitionResearch and developmentMore compact cartridges
Lightweight Small Arms TechnologiesResearch and development

Space
Artificial gravityResearch and developmentSpace travel
Conceptual; NASA has announced plans to capture and redirect an asteroidCommerce, resource supply
Inflatable space habitatDevelopment, prototypes built and testedSpace habitatsBigelow Aerospace
Reusable launch vehicleCommercialCircumvention of the cost of expendable launch vehicles outside of national government or military missionsReusable launch vehicle
StarshotResearchUncrewed interstellar probes
Stasis chamberResearch and development, experimentsInterplanetary space travel, interstellar space travel, medical

Android, Research, development, prototypes, diffusion, commercializingDisabled, infant and older people care, housekeeping, sex-worker, flight-attendant, model, hostess, waiter, security guardTesla bot, Atlas,
PrototypesRobots fuelled by digesting organic matter
Molecular nanotechnology, Hypothetical, experimentsMachines that can make anything given the materials, cheap planetary
Powered exoskeletonResearch, development, prototypes, diffusion, commercializingHeavy lifting, , muscle-related diseases, warfare, , , care for the and LOPES (exoskeleton), , Human Universal Load Carrier, fictional Iron Man's armor, Future Force Warrior
Self-reconfiguring modular robotHypothetical, experiments, early prototypesAs a universal physical machine, SRCMR may change the way many physical structures and machines are made, , autonomous research robot
Hypothetical, experimentsAutonomous construction, space constructionSwarm intelligence, autonomous robotics, , particle swarm optimization, multi-agent systems, behavior-based robotics
Research and development, diffusion, commercialTransport of goods, , , wildfire mapping, pipeline security, , anti-piracy, , pursuing criminals, oil, gas and mineral exploration and production, geophysical and geomagnetic surveys, exploration of hazardous areas, firefighting, military and peacekeeping operations, search and rescue, , Unmanned aerial vehicle, , AeroVironment Global Observer, AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird, Unmanned combat air vehicle, Unmanned ground vehicle, Unmanned space vehicle, Unmanned surface vehicle, Unmanned underwater vehicle, Autonomous underwater vehicle

Transport
Research, development, early prototypesSafer tires
Atmospheric satelliteExperimentationMore widespread communications
Autonomous Rail Rapid TransitCommercialization, diffusionReducing , decreasing
Flexible wings (X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing, Adaptive Compliant Wing), fluidic flight controlsExperiments, prototypesControlling aircraft, shipsAircraft flight control system, BAE Systems Demon,
Distributed propulsionPrototypesMore efficient air travel
Research, DevelopmentLow emission and low noise air travel, air taxis
Flying carEarly commercialization, prototypesMore effective transportationTerrafugia Transition, Moller M400 Skycar, Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk,
Research, developmentFast interplanetary travel, with limited interstellar travel applications
Ground-level power supplyStandardization, commercializationReduction of required battery size and weight for battery electric vehicles by charging while driving
Working prototypes, early commercializationPackage delivery, search and rescue
, Ground effect train, Ground effect vehicleResearch, developmentFaster trainsAérotrain, Duke Hospital PRT,
PrototypesAir travel with low fuel consumptionAirlander 10
Ion-propelled aircraftResearch, development, prototypesBetter flying transportation, efficient propulsion in airElectrohydrodynamics
or backpack helicopterEarly commercialization, prototypesMore effective individual transportation
Research, early commercialization, diffusionFaster trains, Shanghai Maglev Train, , L0 Series
Magnetic levitationResearch, development, Commercialization ()High temperature superconductivity, , low temperature refrigerators, superconducting magnet design and construction, fiber reinforced plastics for vehicles and structural concretes, communication and high power solid-state controls, vehicle design (aerodynamics and noise mitigation), precision manufacturing, construction and fabrication of concrete structures, maglev car, maglev based spacecraft launch,
Magnetohydrodynamic driveResearch, development, prototypesMarine Propulsion, Aircraft Propulsion, Spacecraft PropulsionYamato 1
Prototypes
Orbital propellant depotResearch, developmentDeep-space missions with larger payloads, satellite life extension, lowering cost per kg launched to space
Personal rapid transitEarly commercialization, diffusionMore effective transportationMorgantown PRT,
Physical InternetResearch Physical Internet would increase profits, reduce carbon emissions, study finds . Phys.org. Retrieved on 21 July 2013.
Scooter-sharing systemCommercializationIncreased density
Research, developmentFaster way to get somewhereET3 Global Alliance,
Plasma propulsionResearch and developmentSpacecraft propulsion
Pulse detonation engineResearch and development; one prototype flown in 2008Norris, G., "Pulse Power: Pulse Detonation Engine-powered Flight Demonstration Marks Milestone in Mojave," Aviation Week & Space Technology, Vol. 168, No. 7, 2008, pp. 60.Higher-efficiency propulsion
Quiet Supersonic TechnologyPrototypeSupersonic air travel over land
Research, development, early commercializationReducing concerns of tiredness while driving and also looking outside in the car. Helpful in countries where employment of personal drivers is expensive.,
ResearchNon-rocket spacelaunch, Sky hook,
Research, developmentHypersonic transportA2, Skylon
Vehicular communication systemsResearch and development, some diffusionTraffic management, automatic accommodation of emergency vehicles, driver assistance systems, automated highwaysArtificial Passenger, Dedicated short-range communications, Intelligent transportation system

See also
General:
  • Differential technological development
  • Diffusion of innovations
  • Disruptive innovation
  • Ecological modernization
  • Environmental technology
  • Frugal innovation
  • Green development
  • Industrial ecology
  • List of existing technologies predicted in science fiction
  • List of hypothetical technologies
  • List of inventions
  • List of inventors
  • Sustainable development
  • Technology readiness level

Ethics:

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